Taxonomy feed.
In a pcap from a digital substation attention usually goes to GOOSE, SV, MMS and PTP. But useful diagnostics often live lower — in the MAC addresses. The article explains what an OUI is and how MA-L, MA-M, MA-S and CID differ, how to guess a vendor from the first octets, why a shared Source MAC on two IEDs breaks MMS and triggers MAC flapping, and what a digital-substation engineer should check on a first pass over a pcap.
UK Power Networks' Constellation project replaces bay-level protection relays with virtualized software on substation computers, using IEC 61850 process bus for local protection and R-GOOSE over 5G for wide area coordination. The first site is operating in Maidstone, Kent, with five more planned across South East England.
Newton-Evans Research Company disclosed some of the findings of 2016 North American Protective Relay Marketplace report. The findings in this report are based on survey responses received from 79 electric utilities that include 16 investor-owned, 28 public power, 26 cooperatives, 4 electric power consulting groups, and 5 Canadian electric utilities.
A local area network is critical infrastructure in a digital substation. Experts in the area of relay protection and automatic as well as automated process control systems run into it with increasing frequency, while the number of questions such as, ‘How to design it?’, ‘How to maintain it?’, ‘How to evaluate its security and effectiveness?’ only increases.
To meet the needs of both operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT) networks, SDN is emerging as a superior solution.
In any packet transmitted over Ethernet there are two MAC-addresses present: one is a source MAC-address and another is a destination MAC-address. When forwarding data, Ethernet-switches use this important data. So what is a MAC-address? What are the differences between unicast, multicast and broadcast destination MAC-addresses? What destination MAC-addresses are common for IEC 61850 standard protocols? Let's have a more detailed look on this.