Digital Substation

Relay protection, SCADA, Metering, and Cybersecurity for electrical infrastructure.

Protection Relay (Equipment)

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Protection leaves the hardware behind

A report from the tutorial of CIGRE study committee B5 at the 2026 Paris session. Three renowned experts — Alex Apostolov (PAC World / OMICRON), Ratan Das (Siemens Energy, convener of the IEEE C37.300 working group) and David MacDonald (GE Grid Automation, convener of CIGRE WG B5.84) — arranged their talks into a single historical sequence: process bus → centralised protection → virtualisation. The protection function turns into a software application, and the server into a computing platform that can be replaced without changing the protection algorithm.

CIGRE 2026: protection devices go virtual

A report from the exhibition floor of CIGRE 2026 in Paris. The main theme for us was the virtualisation of protection — and it is no longer a single experimental product. Some offer virtualised protection functions, others the substation servers to run them on, others assemble multi-vendor vPAC architectures on the open platforms. The key question has shifted: no longer «can protection run in a virtual machine», but who defines the hardware architecture and answers for the reliability of the computing platform.

IEC 61850 conformance certificates: where to look for them and what a certificate really confirms

"Shall support IEC 61850" is too general a wording. We look at where to check IEC 61850 conformance certificates today, what a conformance certificate really confirms, how a registry of 1,650 test records is structured by editions and roles, the seven parameters to check in a certificate, and how conformance testing differs from interoperability testing — and how to phrase a requirement in a specification instead of a vague phrase about "standard support".

Top-Down IEC 61850 Engineering: The Five-Step Process, Explained

Top-down IEC 61850 engineering — formalized in TR IEC 61850-90-30:2025 and TR IEC 61850-7-6 (Ed. 2) — moves specification errors from commissioning to the design phase, before a single IED is selected or procured. This article explains the mechanics of the five-step process: what each step produces, what files are exchanged, and why the sequence achieves outcomes the conventional bottom-up approach cannot.

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